Scientific Ethics Of Scientific Science Essay - 1702 Words

Scientific responsibility can be described as the duties or obligations are scientist or researcher has when conducting his or her research. Science relies on objective methods to gather empirical data without the interference of subjectivity or other factors affecting the results obtained. Science is an extremely important tool for humanity as the discoveries made in the scientific community can greatly impact the lives of individuals through advancements in therapies to novel drug discoveries. However, the other side of science poses a potential threat to same individuals it often intends to serve. This can be the case when results are published which can potentially pose threats to potentially large groups of people. It is therefore asked whether scientists should be ultimately responsible for the research that they publish, or could it be that they have a duty to publish research regardless of its implications in the pursuit of scientific advancement. Scientific responsibility is an expansive term and can be subdivided into the different accountabilities a scientist may have when conducting their research. This varies upon personal opinion in the scientific community but to some degree includes conducting research in the appropriate, objective manner and producing research that will be of benefit rather than producing profitable research that only seeks to benefit stakeholders. Another important responsibility of scientists is communication. This is because researchShow MoreRelatedCoe of Ethics1625 Words   |  7 PagesCode of Ethic Paper There are many healthcare organizations that follow their own mission with ethical values and company goals. The American Association for the Advancement of Science follows the mission statement of â€Å"advance science engineering, and innovations throughout the world for the benefit of all people.† (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015) By following company goals, this statement can be reinforced. What are the organization’s goals and how are they tiedRead MoreEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?600 Words   |  3 PagesEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree? Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field. From the invention of the light bulb to the computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such things can only happen due to the advancement in science. However, a myriad of scientific researches today have received strong opposition due to the ethical concerns regarding the research. This essay will agree that ethics hinder scientific researchRead MoreThe Three Major Factors Fueling International Technological Growth1271 Words   |  6 Pagesissues which arise out of technology and scientific research Business ethics or lack of thereof, is a major CSR issue with technology and scientific research. Research responsibility implies that research is done ethically. According to Sarukkai (2009), scientists believe the activity of scientific research is self-regulated, and as such, ethics do not apply. The author contends that science is a discourse of facts regarding the universe, while ethics is about human values and there is no correlationRead MoreScience Is The Pursuit And Application Of Knowledge971 Words   |  4 PagesThe question, â€Å"What is science?† has a complicated answer. Is science doing lab experiments or sifting through layers of soil to find artifacts? Is science making observations through telescopes of the movements of heavenly bodies or discovering through microscopes the processes of cell division? Is science about explaining natural phenomena or learning about the life of a coral reef? We all know that science is all of these. But, what is science? According to the Science Council (http://www.sciencecouncilRead MoreEssay on Views on the Importance of Science1010 Words   |  5 PagesViews on the Importance of Science Different people have different views on the importance of scientific concepts in comparison to other branches of knowledge. In order to determine if it is reasonable to believe that science is a supreme form of knowledge, firstly we must determine what knowledge is. Knowledge can be seen as the act of knowing or understanding gained through experience or study. Thus in order for something to be considered as knowledge it must be trueRead MoreEthics Of Science : The Ethical Dilemma Of The Films Frankenstein And Jurassic Park 1204 Words   |  5 PagesEthics of Science The central ethical dilemma of many of the films and stories we looked at this semester hinged on the question of whether or not man should employ his knowledge of genetics and science to engineer or revive a species that had become extinct, usually due to natural processes. As a science major myself, it was interesting to explore these themes and the scenarios presented in each individual piece of literature. Questionable ethics run rampant in stories such as Mary Shelley’s FrankensteinRead MoreNursing as a Discipline1565 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Nursing as a Discipline: It’s Interrelationship with Philosophy, Science and Ethics Raymund Christopher R. dela Pena Saint Louis University The discipline of nursing is concerned with how nurses interact with people in relation to their health and within their total environment. Nursing at its core is caring for people within their health experience. The effective nurse is able to think critically, feel deeply, communicate clearly, interact meaningfully, assume responsibilityRead MoreDefinition Of A Neutral Question1633 Words   |  7 Pagesto find? A neutral question can then be defined as a bias-free enquiry for knowledge. For my Areas of Knowledge I will be referencing Ethics and Natural sciences. What is neutrality? Neutrality is about not going forward or backward or taking a side. Neutrality is also the basis of a critical point of view on something. Such as the scientific method. The scientific method is formulating a hypothesis from a universal observation; the hypothesis gives a set of propositions that explains a certain phenomenaRead MoreThe Study Of Psychology And Psychology984 Words   |  4 PagesFirstly, it is important to know what is meant by the term â€Å"science†, and then to establish whether psychology adheres to this. The Oxford English Dictionary defines science as â€Å"the study or knowledge of the physical world, based on observation and experiment†. This immediately raises issues about this debate as many areas of psychological research do not involve the observable. For example, the areas of Clinical and Counselling psychology rely on a patient’s thought s and feelings to help determineRead MoreThe Scientific Method Of Experimental Testing1425 Words   |  6 PagesAnswer #1 Scientific Method The scientific method can be defined as a technique for research where the problem is known, appropriate data is gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from the data, and the hypothesis is tested firsthand. Gauch (2003) defines the scientific method as a highly variable and creative process and states that it is often misrepresented as a fixed sequence of steps although the scientific method of research has four steps. The first step is the observation, which serves as

How Does Society Have Gender Roles - 1315 Words

Growing up, kids are subconsciously taught how to act, what to wear, and what not to do. From as early as elementary school, girls are afraid to partake in gym class activities in fear of not being as athletic as the guys. Boys are pressured to constantly show their masculinity, by hitting each other in the genitalia, or fighting other boys. Why is this? Why does our society have gender roles? Everyone is taught their gender roles at a very young age. We have all been conditioned to think, and act a certain way, because of the predetermined â€Å"rules† we, as a society, make up on our own. We are taught to take on our gender expectations at an early age. Young girls play with baby dolls, and ponies. Adolescent boys play with toy bulldozers, and nerf guns. This shows parents conditioning their children to like certain things when they are older. Young girls are â€Å"supposed† to play with baby dolls, because one day they will be expected to take care of a child. If a y oung boy plays with a baby doll, their parent would take it away from them, because it is not what boys are expected to play with. It is seen as too feminine. If a young boy wants to play with baby dolls and wear a dress, then he should. It is the same case if a young girl plays football with boys, or hunts, she is labeled as a tomboy. This is because she is not doing the stereotypical activities that young girls do, for example, play with Barbie dolls or play house. In adulthood moms are expected to stay home, andShow MoreRelatedNight to his day858 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction of Gender By Judith Lorber Afterreading Judith Lorber article† Night to his day† the social construction of gender, I realized that we have been â€Å"doing gender† every day without us noticing. These â€Å"doing gender†activities have implement into our brain through life experience, parents and social life. In her article, she â€Å"denaturalized† gender into three different categories: â€Å"individual; society; and gender†. First of all, she talks about how we determine gender for each individualRead MoreWhat Are Gender Roles?1123 Words   |  5 Pages101 Specific Gender Roles What are gender roles? Gender roles are those that are portrayed by a certain gender identity. In other words, a male and/or female should act and dress as if their gender is supposed to as seen by society. Guys will wear shorts and a T-shirt while girls will wear dresses and skirts; that is just how society sees an individual. Men and women’s gender roles reflect on what others will think in today’s society. Society sees men and women playing their own role. We expect aRead MoreGender Roles Has Created An Ideal Set Of Rules And Behaviors1646 Words   |  7 PagesEssay #1 Have you ever heard the expression â€Å"act like a lady† or â€Å"real men don’t cry† and why do you suppose that is? The answer to the question is gender roles; society has created an ideal set of rules and behaviors that both men and women need to follow. These roles have been passed down from generation to generation to the point where both men and women are finally questioning why they have to live by a certain standard. No one knows for certain how gender roles came about or when they wereRead MoreRace And Gender And Race1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe idea of race and gender is an idea that has been socially constructed. Society has created roles for race and gender, they are determined by what society thinks is appropriate for the gender or race. Some people argue that certain behavior roles are based on gender where as others may believe that it is based on race. I will first discuss how in today’s society we promote to stop racism yet it is still happening everyday, and people are just blind to see it. Creating a role for race is racism,Read MoreGender And Roles : A Great Deal About The Immigrant Experience991 Words   |  4 PagesGender and Roles â€Å"We may look and act modern in many ways, but we can’t escape what we are... obedient chinese daughters.† This quote sums up the world that May and Pearl live in, that no matter the culture, no matter the time period, and no matter the situation, your gender decides your fate or does it? The theme of gender and how they dictate our roles in society run rampant in Shanghai Girls by Lisa Lee. Lee’s novel covers a great deal about the immigrant experience and the struggles they hadRead MoreDifferences Between Sex And Gender871 Words   |  4 PagesWith sex and gender being such a predominate factor in determining our position in society, it is difficult to hinder ourselves from distinguishing certain characteristics and attributes to be masculine (male) or feminine(female). Is is paramount to distinguish the differences between sex and gender. Sex is determined by our hormones and anatomy while gender is the social meanings, behaviors, and expectations attach ed to a given sex by society (Logg, Lecture Notes, Fall 2015). Generally speakingRead MoreTeaching In A Twenty First Century Society, The Expectation1140 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching in a twenty first century society, the expectation for gender equality is important to provide the proper exposure, understanding, and educate individuals about society’s norms. These expectations that students will need to make acceptable choices for the betterment of their future. Therefore, it is the duty for educators to offer introductions in gender roles, gender stereotypes, and sexism. These are sensitive topics and need to be taught accurately with balanced information and with aRead MoreHow Gender Roles Are Predetermined by the Environment1305 Words   |  6 PagesHow gender roles are predetermined by the environment What is male? What is female? The answers to these questions everyone may depend on the types of gender roles they were exposed to as a child. Gender roles can be defined as the behaviours and attitudes expected of male and female members of a society by that society. Basically to make it clear the pattern of masculine or feminine behaviours of an individual that is defined by a particular culture and that is largely determined by a childsRead MoreCharlotte Brontes Jane Eyre And The Wide Sargasso Sea1612 Words   |  7 Pagesexplore unimagined social standards, which allows for their characters to rebel against the current standards of society. As the authors seem to make their characters rebel against society, they are able to explore â€Å"elsewhere.† This â€Å"elsewhere† can be many anything from gender roles, conflicts from not being fully accepted by one culture, or isolationism. Bronte and Rhys explore gender roles in their novels through characterization of main characters like Antoinette, Jane, and Rochester. When AntoinetteRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesPerkins Gilman does a remarkable job letting us get inside the head of her unnamed main character in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† giving us a taste of the female psyche, in particular showing how historically some women subject themselves to the control of men. Alternatively, Nick Hornby does something altogether similar with â€Å"High Fidelity†, introducing us to Rob Fleming, whose male psyche reveals, among other things, how men focus and base their success one expectations influenced by gender roles. In the paragraphs

Coming of Age and Making a Difference free essay sample

An introduction to The Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody and its relevance to history. A paper which presents a detailed examination of history. Using Anne Moodys book, The Coming of Age in Mississippi where one can get a clear picture of what civil rights meant to many African-Americans, the writer of this paper discusses many aspects of coming of age and historical significance. The paper also discusses the themes of anger and black poverty in the book. Moodys legacy was relevant in the 21st century because without it the changes may never have taken place. The changes were slow in coming and without the anger and approaches that Moody took and encouraged others to follow we might still be in the ages before the civil rights movements and that would be a tragedy not only to the black population but to the entire nation for the contributions the world would be missing for keeping the blacks down and oppressed. We will write a custom essay sample on Coming of Age and Making a Difference or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Use Of Paralanguage And Kinesics In Everyday Life Essay Example For Students

Use Of Paralanguage And Kinesics In Everyday Life Essay Use of Paralanguage and Kinesics in Everyday LifeThe use of kinesics and paralanguage in everyday life is the mostprominent use of persuasion we use subconsciously. They are used subconsciouslybecause you may not know what they mean. Which can cause cultural tension ifyou do something that may seem harmless to you but may be a great insult toanother culture. Paralanguage has many forms such as whistling which can beused by many people as a means of entertaining by whistling a song or even inAmerican culture used to hound women on the streets because they appear to beattractive. These two uses of persuasion I will discuss about in my paper. Iwill discuss the history of both and also how they are used today in everydaylife. We will write a custom essay on Use Of Paralanguage And Kinesics In Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To start of with I will define kinesics. Kinesics is articulation ofthe body, or movement resulting from muscular and skeletal shift. This includesall actions, physical or physiological, automatic reflexes, posture, facialexpressions, gestures, and other body movements. Body language, body idiom,gesture language, organ language and kinesic acts are just some terms used todepict kinesics. In ways that body language works in nonverbal acts, bodylanguage parallels paralanguage. Kinesic acts may substitute for language,accompany it, or modify it. Kinesic acts may be lexical or informative anddirective in nature, or they may be emotive or empathic movements. Posture isone of the components of kinesics. Posture is broken down into three basicpositions: bent knees, lying down, and standing. Artists and mimes have alwaysbeen aware of the range of communication possible through body stance. Butthere are some cultural differences in posture positions. Most people use thebent knee position to e at, but while the Romans used to eat lying down. PrincePeter of Greece and Denmark described the sleeping posture of the Tibetansbefore World War II. He said that the local men slept outside at night huddledaround the fire, hunched over on their knees with their faces resting in theirpalms. In 1932, William James did a study of expression of bodily posture. Herecognized the relationship of facial expression, gesture, and posture. Hedeclared that studying each one independently was justified for the purpose ofanalysis, but they should be recognized as a whole unit that function as anexpression. He devised four basic kinds from 347 different postures in hisexperiment. The four basic kinds are: approach, withdrawal, expansion, andcontraction. Approach referred to such things as attention, interest, scrutiny,and curiosity. Withdrawal involved drawing back or turning away, refusal,repulsion, and disgust. Expansion referred to the expanded chest, erect trunkand head, and raised shoulders, which conveyed pride, conceit, arrogance,disdain, mastery, and self-esteem. Contraction was characterized by forwardtrunk, bowed head, drooping shoulders, and sunken chest. Studies haveidentified postural behavior with personality types and ways of life, forexample relaxation, assertiveness, and restraint; and have noted the correlationof certain kinds of movement in sleeping and waking acts. Posture is asubstantial marker of feminine and masculine behavior. The relationship ofposture to sex gestures is obvious in the stereotypes in U.S. advertising. Posture is an indicator of status and rank and is also a marker of etiquette. In a study of Roman sculpture and coinage, Brilliant demonstrates that postureidentifies the noble and the peasant. In Western culture one was taught tostand when an elderly person enters the room. The face seems to be the most obvious component of body language, but itis certainly the most confusing and difficult to understand. Modern studies offacial expressions dates back to the nineteenth century, starting with CharlesBell, who in 1806, published Essays on the Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression:As Connected with the Fine Arts. Charles Darwins, The Expressions of Emotionsin Man and Animals, in 1872, was apparently influenced by Bells earlier work. Facial expressions are like sentences in human language, they are infinite invariety. The relationship of facial expression to other components of bodylanguage and to language itself, is sparsely examined and such observations ashave been made are recent. It does not take very extensive scientific study toobserve that a smiling face makes a sentence sound different from a sentencearticulated by a sorrowful, droopy physiognomy. There are five basic physicaldescriptions of facial expressions: neutral, relaxed, tense, uplifted, anddroopy. The neutral could result in various expressions such as pleasure, mask,respect, thoughtful, and quiet attention. The relaxed could result in love,pleasure and submission. The tense results in fear, surprise, determination,contempt, and extreme interest. The uplifted could result in happiness, anxiety,rage, religious love, astonishment, attention. Finally the droopy, in distress,suffering, grief, dismay, and shock. Facial expression may portray the actu alemotion felt and accurately accompany the speech. On the other hand, facialexpression, as with other body language and nonverbal components, maycontradict the verbal expression, thus giving the real message. Ones facialexpression may be practiced and may thus be made convincingly to lie, along withthe speech act, about ones real feelings. Artists and clowns have effectivelyexploited facial expressions and gestures as social weapons and entertainment. .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc , .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .postImageUrl , .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc , .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc:hover , .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc:visited , .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc:active { border:0!important; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc:active , .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufbf904c26be391b3e24b595b09c068fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Seville EssayThe eyes and mouth, it is generally agreed, carry the heaviest load ofcommunicative and expressive manifestations. When the eyes of two persons meetthere is a special kind of communication. This special kind of communication isnot always desirable. In some cultures the Evil Eye , the direct stare, is oneof the worst possible social and/or supernatural offenses. The term eye contactis used to identify this special relationship. Eye contact is one of theclosest possible relationships. It can be used as a regulator inconversations in an informal kind of way, and it can be used in a more precisesignal, for example, between the chairman of a meeting and a member wh o isasking for the floor. At the end of a social evening, couples may signal Letsgo! only by eye contact. Deaf persons are insistent on eye contact interactions; they depend heavily on kinesic movement to supplement theconversation. The avoidance of eye contact also signals something meaningful. Looking away contributes to maintaining psychological distance. Other eyebehaviors are symptoms of abnormalities in human beings, such as excessiveblinking, depressed look, dramatic gaze, guarded gaze, and absent gaze. Theblink frequency can be a measure of tension, or even of sobriety as someresearchers have concluded. The mouth is a remarkable communicator, both on the obvious and subtlelevels. In fact, most mouth movement is not associated with sound at all. Ifthe eyes are the windows of the soul, certainly the mouth is the very door. The grimace, in contrast to the movement made by a tic, is voluntary and withinthe control of the person who does it. Pouting is a well-known kinesic act ofchildren. Sticking out the tongue among the children of Western cultures is awidely-known expression of insult. Protruding the tongue, however, has othermeanings. It is a component of a negative response among the aborigines inQueensland and Gipps land where a negative is expressed by throwing the head ofa little backwards and putting out the tongue. Tongue movements may take placenaturally when one is thinking deeply or preoccupied with writing or silentreading such behavior when one is alone is known as autistic behavior. Jawmovement also occurs in moments of concentration, and in addition when theperson is carrying on some activity with an opening and closing motion. Thehands, of course, are of paramount interest here with a seemly endless array ofpossibilities which different cultures utilize in various ways. In somecultures specific hand gestures number in the hundreds. Movement of the headconveys various meanings depending upon the tilt, uprightness, thrust from thebody, and side movement. Paralanguage is some kind of articulation of the vocal apparatus, orsignificant lack of it, for example, hesitation between segments of vocalarticulation. This includes all noises and sounds which are extra-speech sounds,such as hissing, shushing, whistling, and imitation sounds, as well as a largevariety of speech modifications, such as quality of voice (sepulchral, whiny,giggling), extra high-pitched utterances, or hesitations and speed in talking. People from all different walks of life recognize that the human voicecommunicates something beyond language. These effects are referred to byimpressionistic descriptions such as tone of voice, voice quality, mannerof speaking, or the way he said it. There are modifying features which canoccur independently, such as crying and laughing, groaning, and whining. Theseare vocal characterizes which one talks through when they accompany language. The sounds used in language are referred to as segmental sounds or phonemes. They are produced by the articulatory organs of speech and each has a particulararticulatory phonetic description. Fricative sounds occur frequently inparalanguage, perhaps because of the air expired air movement is of muchimportance in paralinguistic. A surprising amount of paralanguage makes use ofsounds which might be considered more dramatic and exotic than the languagesounds. These sounds are trills and clicks and sounds modified in exotic ways,which without the modification might be considered ordinary. Trills are a kindof iterative articulation; that is, repetitions of a flap articulation by themovable parts of the speech mechanism. Any part of the speech apparatus whichcan move may be involved in a trill, whether it be the lips, tongue, cheek,uvula, velic, or vocal cords. .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c , .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .postImageUrl , .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c , .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c:hover , .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c:visited , .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c:active { border:0!important; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c:active , .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u843c00dd723c950e1abb2cb97e7c2b7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: English Literature Mock IOP Outline EssayThe click sounds are made by causing a suction of air in the mouthcavity. These percussive-like sounds are well documented as speech sounds inseveral languages, but, like the kiwi bird in New Zealand, they occur in onlyone geographical area of the world. The type of modification when the lips areinvolved, or puckered, is called labialization, and in speech sounds is used inFrench, German, Scandinavian, and many other languages. In English this type ofrounded lip modification is known as baby talk. Palatalization is a kind ofmodification made by the blade of the tongue in contact with the palate. Itoccurs very commonly in Slavic lang uages. Nasalization is a kind ofmodification which permits air to escape through the nose while pronouncing anoral sound. Nasalized vowels occur in the language structure of French, but inEnglish occur only in paralanguage. Nasalization also occurs in strong emotionsof love and hatred due to the swelling and shrinking of the nasal membranes inthese circumstances. Pharyngealization is another modification and is producedin the back of the throat. It results from opening up the area of the pharynxby tongue movement. This occurrence is noted in the Arabic language. Muscleconstriction is a tightening of the vocal apparatus which produces sounds knownas fortis in language systems, in contrast to sounds made in relaxed manner,which are known as lenis. Constriction of the vocal cords is said to occur ina special kind of speech among the Amahuacas of Peru. There are extra-speech sounds used for communication which are treatedhere, never occur, as far as has been recorded, in any language system of theworld. This group, non-language sounds, includes such noises as the whistle,the kiss, the yell, the groan, clapping of the tongue, various percussivesounding noises made with mouth air articulated by the lips and tongue, but notto be confused with mouth clicks, and a variety of imitative noises, such as thebilabial pop when the champagne cork is released. Whistling as acommunication device is world-wide, from spontaneous, expressive whistling forjoy, or whistling in the dark, to simple signals across distances, such asamong mountain climbers in the Alps who call for help by whistling. The kiss isa bilabial voiceless click which is articulated in the manner of the otherclicks actually used in languages which were described previously under specificlanguage sounds. Kempelen classified kisses into three types, according totheir sounds: the ki ss proper, a clear-ringing kiss, coming from the heart; theweaker kiss, from an acoustic point of view; and a loathsome smack. The kiss isused in greetings and in affectionate display, but also has other functions withcommunicative value. The yell, and variations of it as expressed by the scream,shout, roar, howl, bellow, squeal, holler, shriek, or screech, are effectivenon-speech communications, difficult to describe technically, and almostimpossible to duplicate the effect of in other kinds of communication media. The Confederate Yell, during the Civil War, was a ulant yell that was the signalfor the Confederate troops to charge at the enemies. The use of paralanguage in todays society is very prominent. We useparalanguage with children when we tell them to be quiet by saying shush. Ifwe see something disgusting we can make a gagging sound which shows disapproval. We also use kinesics today a lot too. We use the O.K. sign to signal thateverything is fine. We even have body language for vulgar words that manypeople today seem to use a lot. The study of these two topics can help a lot inunderstanding what people are really saying in todays society. Without theunderstanding of kinesics or paralanguage we would not be able to help bridgethe gap between certain cultures or even each other. We need these two non--verbal communication techniques to survive.